Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-3

Instrument Name: Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-3

Abbreviation: GFTA-3

Points for Consideration:

This is a widely-used clinical tool; its focus on single words means that many individuals with DD get higher scores than their intelligibiliy in connected speech would suggest. Straightforward and easy to administer. GFTA-3 may not be inclusive of AAE. Use with caution. Do not count consonants attributable to dialectical variations.

Description of Tool:

The Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-3 is a ClinRO + PerfO developed to measure speech sound abilities in the area of articulation in children, adolescents, and young adults ages 2 years 0 months through 21 years 11 months (Language Disorders). It is composed of 2 parts:
Sounds-in-Words (60 items)
Sounds-in-Sentences (31 to 43 items) with the total number of items varying from 91 to 103, depending on age.

Minimum Qualification Required by COA Administrator: MA or BA

Comment:

The GFTA was originally published in 1969 and has undergone several revisions since then
This version is based on the GFTA-2, developed in 1999

Year: 2015

Objective of Development:

To measure speech sound abilities in the area of articulation in children, adolescents, and young adults ages 2 years 0 months through 21 years 11 months

Population of Development: Age range (therapeutic indication):

2 years 0 months - 21 years 11 months (Language Disorders)

Pediatric Population(s) in which COA has been used:

Mental Disorders ; Stomatognathic Diseases ; Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases ; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms ; Nervous System Diseases ; Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Endocrine System Diseases ; Wounds and Injuries ; Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases

COA type:

Number of Items 91 to 103 (age dependent)

Mode of Administration:

Data Collection Mode:

Time for Completion: 5-15 min Sounds-in-Words section Varied for Sounds-in-Words sentences, intelligibility and stimulability sections

Response Scales: Dichotomous 0 "Correct" / 1 "Incorrect/Error" 4-point Likert/Likert-type Scale ranging from 1 "Good" to 4 "No response"

Summary of Scoring:

Available Scores:
Other:
Sound-in Words and Sound-in-Sentences scores: Sum of the raw scores can be converted in standard Scores, confidence intervals (90 or 95%) percentiles and age equivalent according to the gender
Intelligibility score: Sum of good ratings divided by the all ratings and multiplied by 100

Cut-off scores (standard score)
<70 (Very Low/Severe); 71 to 77 (Low/Moderate); 78 to 85 (Borderline/Marginal/At-risk); 86 to 114 (Average); 115 and above (Above average) Weighting: No Score Direction: Higher score = Better receptive and expressive language skills

Evidence of Literature Review: None identified

Evidence of Instrument Review: Yes

Evidence of Clinical or Expert Input: Yes

Evidence of concept elicitation in target patient population: None identified

Evidence of a Saturation Grid: None identified

Evidence for Selection of Data Collection Method: None identified

Recall/Observation Period:

Evidence for Selection of Reponse Options: None identified

Evidence of cognitive interviewing of draft instrument in target patient population: None identified

Evidence of Preliminary Scoring of Items and Domains: None identified

Evidence related to respondent and administrator burden: None identified

Evidence of a Conceptual Framework: None identified

Evidence of an item-tracking matrix: None identified

Evidence related to item selection: None identified

Evidence of re-testing the final version: None identified

Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha): None identified

Evidence of internal consistency:

Evidence of test-retest or inter-rater reliability: None identified

Concurrent validity (convergent, divergent):

None identified

Known-group validity:

Sommer (2020) - Spanish GTFA-3
Known-groups validity:
- Measure/Groups of patients: Difference in percentage consonants correct (PCC) assessed with the GFTA-3 Spanish between patients with cleft palate (CLP; n= 7, aged 4-7 years) and without cleft palate (n= 7, aged 4-7 years)
- A priori hypotheses: Not stated
- Were hypotheses confirmed: Not applicable
- Results: t-test
Children with CLP showed significantly (p= 0.021) more speech errors than children without CLP
- CLP: mean PCC = 63.06, SD= 24.66
- Without CLP: mean PCC= 89.29; SD= 9.70
t(12)= 2.618
- Population/Disease: Patients with or without; n= 14 aged 4-7 years

Evidence of Translatability Assessment: None identified

Evidence related to missing data: None identified

Evidence for Selection of Recall Period: None identified

Evidence of Administration Instructions and Training Provided: Yes

Evidence of concurrent validity: None identified

Evidence of known-groups validity: Yes

Evidence of ability to detect change over time: None identified

Ability to detect change (Responsiveness):

None identified

Responder Thresholds:

None identified

Evidence of responder thresholds: None identified

Goldman R, Fristoe M. Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, Third Edition Manual. Pearson. 2015
Abstract: https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Developmental-Early-Childhood/Goldman-Fristoe-Test-of-Articulation-3/p/100001202.html

Pearson's GFTA-3 US webpage
https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Developmental-Early-Childhood/Goldman-Fristoe-Test-of-Articulation-3/p/100001202.html

See (PubMed results: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Goldman-Fristoe+Test+of+Articulation+3%22&sort=date&sort_order=asc)

Sommer C, Romero C, Cummings C et al. Speeck Skills of Monolingual Spanish Speaking Children With and Without Cleft Palate: Preliminary Findings from Peru. ACPA’s 77th Annual Meeting Abstracts. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal. 2020;57(4_suppl):1-143
Abstract: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1055665620901804

None identified

Original: English for the USA

Translations: Spanish

Copy of the Spanish translation can be obtained here: https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Developmental-Early-Childhood/Goldman-Fristoe-Test-of-Articulation-%7C-Third-Edition%2C-Spanish/p/100001920.html

Authors:
Goldman and Fristoe

Contact:
Pearson Clinical Assessment Website: https://support.pearson.com/usclinical/s/contactsupport

Copyright:
Pearson holds the copyright

CoU:
For further questions, please contact Pearson Clinical Assessment

Pearson's GFTA-3 UK webpage: https://www.pearsonclinical.co.uk/AlliedHealth/PaediatricAssessments/PhonologyandArticulation/gfta-3/goldman-fristoe-test-of-articulation-third-edition.aspx

Pearson's GFTA-3 US webpage: https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Developmental-Early-Childhood/Goldman-Fristoe-Test-of-Articulation-3/p/100001202.html

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